["itemContainer",{"xmlns:xsi":"http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance","xsi:schemaLocation":"http://omeka.org/schemas/omeka-xml/v5 http://omeka.org/schemas/omeka-xml/v5/omeka-xml-5-0.xsd","uri":"https://lemonlab.wm.edu/items/browse?tags=education&output=omeka-json","accessDate":"2024-03-28T12:37:26-04:00"},["miscellaneousContainer",["pagination",["pageNumber","1"],["perPage","10"],["totalResults","5"]]],["item",{"itemId":"159","public":"1","featured":"0"},["fileContainer",["file",{"fileId":"171"},["src","http://s3.amazonaws.com/wmit-omeka-lemonlab%2Foriginal%2F88fea8a148a1a411a7cc686a539fd94e.pdf?AWSAccessKeyId=AKIAIG7BW2LYNOS34VQA&Expires=1711644446&Signature=9021735aAVLjNhN3xAiZg1aONFc%3D"],["authentication","7f27d83a1b1a9c52dbe5892947689420"]]],["collection",{"collectionId":"19"},["elementSetContainer",["elementSet",{"elementSetId":"1"},["name","Dublin Core"],["description","The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/."],["elementContainer",["element",{"elementId":"50"},["name","Title"],["description","A name given to the resource"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"667"},["text","Time Will and Should Tell All: A Century of The William & Mary Flat Hat "]]]]]]]],["elementSetContainer",["elementSet",{"elementSetId":"1"},["name","Dublin Core"],["description","The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/."],["elementContainer",["element",{"elementId":"50"},["name","Title"],["description","A name given to the resource"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"859"},["text","Lincoln's Job Half-Done "]]]],["element",{"elementId":"41"},["name","Description"],["description","An account of the resource"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"861"},["text","Lincoln’s Job Half-Done…\r\n\tWhen Lincoln freed the slaves, he undoubtedly hoped the Negroes would someday be accepted as equals by the other colors of people in this country. Today we find the Negroes released from formal bondage, but not equalized. \r\n\r\nRacial Intermarriage…\r\n\tWe believe and know that Negroes differ from other peoples only in surface characteristics; inherently all are the same. The Negroes should be recognized as equals in our minds and hearts. For us, this means that Negroes should attend William and Mary; they should go to our classes, participate in College functions, join the same clubs, be our roommates, pin the same classmates, and marry among us. \r\n\tHowever, this cannot and should not be done today, or tomorrow-- but perhaps the next day. Neither they nor we are ready for it yet. Only chaos such as the Southern states experienced during the Reconstruction would result if such a plan were initiated before both Negroes and others were educated for it. \r\n\r\nThe One Human Family…\r\n\tThrough education we learn of the spread of early man to all corners of the globe. Those who settled nearer the equator, whether in Europe, Asia, or in the Americas, developed a darker skin color than those who settled north of them. People’s hair often remained the same over great areas. Europeans remained quite hairy, but body hair almost disappeared in some parts of the world. Blue eyes appeared in the north, and in Asia a fold of skin developed over the inner corner of the eye, forming a slant eye. \r\n\r\nNorthern Negroes And Southern Whites\r\n\tThere is little difference in the heights or head shapes; white, Negroes, Mongols, and all races have the same four blood types. Test show that Negroes in this country made a lower score than whites on intelligence tests; they also show that Northerners, black and white, had higher scores than Southerners, black and white, and that Northern Negroes had higher scores than Southern whites. The differences did not occur because people were from the North or the South, or because they were white or black, but because of differences in income, education, cultural advantages, and other opportunities. Equal opportunities must therefore be offered to all peoples in all sections of the country. \r\n\r\nPrejudice, A Nazi Strategy\r\n\tThe most important work, however, must be done in educating ourselves away from the idea of White Supremacy, for this belief is as groundless as Hitler’s Nordic Supremacy nonsense. We are injuring our personalities with arrogance; we are blocking our own emotional growth. Not until we eliminate Nazi race tactics in our own everyday life can we hope for a victory which will bring peace for the universal Human race of the One World. \r\n\tDo you really want peace? Is your conscience clear? "]]]],["element",{"elementId":"39"},["name","Creator"],["description","An entity primarily responsible for making the resource"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"863"},["text","Swem Special Collections "]]]],["element",{"elementId":"48"},["name","Source"],["description","A related resource from which the described resource is derived"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"865"},["text","February 7, 1945 \r\nFlat Hat Vol.34 No. 15"]]]],["element",{"elementId":"45"},["name","Publisher"],["description","An entity responsible for making the resource available"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"867"},["text","William and Mary Flat Hat"]]]],["element",{"elementId":"40"},["name","Date"],["description","A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"869"},["text","February 7, 1945"]]]],["element",{"elementId":"37"},["name","Contributor"],["description","An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"871"},["text","Devika Shankardass, metadata and transcription "]]]]]]],["tagContainer",["tag",{"tagId":"301"},["name","1945"]],["tag",{"tagId":"93"},["name","education"]],["tag",{"tagId":"299"},["name","equality"]],["tag",{"tagId":"99"},["name","integration"]],["tag",{"tagId":"29"},["name","racial justice"]],["tag",{"tagId":"3"},["name","William and Mary"]],["tag",{"tagId":"115"},["name","William and Mary Flat Hat"]]]],["item",{"itemId":"133","public":"1","featured":"0"},["fileContainer",["file",{"fileId":"137"},["src","http://s3.amazonaws.com/wmit-omeka-lemonlab%2Foriginal%2F162425b40229cc7528ebaa4bd94e3b69.pdf?AWSAccessKeyId=AKIAIG7BW2LYNOS34VQA&Expires=1711644446&Signature=x5C2vClDltrMyTg2IVugGocZwWw%3D"],["authentication","f4e8420a6a8bd95cbd64db5c98fe14be"]]],["collection",{"collectionId":"19"},["elementSetContainer",["elementSet",{"elementSetId":"1"},["name","Dublin Core"],["description","The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. 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\"ARE WE GOING COLOR BLIND?
No question of the present generation is of such vital importance to the white race, or so dependent upon education as a remedy as that of the amalgamation of the two races who have lived side by side in one country for the past three hundred years. Will the United States prove the single exception in the history of the world of two races living together without admixture of the two? Dr. W. A. Plecker, State Registrar of Vital Statistics of Virginia, thinks that such is impossible.
In the South, and especially in Virginia, we are brought face to face with the problem of race relations between the white and black races in a striking manner. Today Virginia has a negro population which makes up from 25 to 37 per cent of the total of the State. While this is somewhat lower than the negro population of most of our Southern States, it is a large enough per cent to present a problem of no little weight. The advent of higher education for the negro has magnified the problem to a great extent--a problem which will determine the future status of the North Americans of the future to no small degree. While it is true that the educated negro shows more pride in his race, we cannot overlook the teaching of social equality which can have but one ultimate result--inter-marriage--unless the whites of the country are taught the meaning and priceless heritage which they possess in a pure white race.
Nineteen States and the District of Columbia have turned a deaf ear to the appeal for the enaction of laws which would prohibit the inter-marriage of whites and blacks. They have, by their failure to act, sanctioned the teaching of equality which will result in the lowering of the higher race to the level of the lower, for such amalgamation can be nothing but a boiling pot which would reduce all to the same level.
The question is one to be considered by the college student of all sections. The preservation of the race will depend to a great extent upon us.
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Print."]]]],["element",{"elementId":"45"},["name","Publisher"],["description","An entity responsible for making the resource available"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"703"},["text","The William and Mary Flat Hat"]]]],["element",{"elementId":"40"},["name","Date"],["description","A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"705"},["text","April 17, 1925"]]]],["element",{"elementId":"37"},["name","Contributor"],["description","An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"707"},["text","Courtney Bishop, Transcription and Metadata"]]]],["element",{"elementId":"39"},["name","Creator"],["description","An entity primarily responsible for making the resource"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"807"},["text","Swem Special Collections"]]]]]]],["tagContainer",["tag",{"tagId":"239"},["name","1925"]],["tag",{"tagId":"93"},["name","education"]],["tag",{"tagId":"237"},["name","intermarriage"]],["tag",{"tagId":"241"},["name","miscegenation"]],["tag",{"tagId":"115"},["name","William and Mary Flat Hat"]]]],["item",{"itemId":"41","public":"1","featured":"0"},["fileContainer",["file",{"fileId":"37"},["src","http://s3.amazonaws.com/wmit-omeka-lemonlab%2Foriginal%2Fd9213fb014a6b73a11158c77f1e7a14b.pdf?AWSAccessKeyId=AKIAIG7BW2LYNOS34VQA&Expires=1711644446&Signature=TxBrnFP4kup0Vah7DvV8W3FAxTs%3D"],["authentication","7dc25f3c8026c78b9087ddf0809a1c3c"]]],["collection",{"collectionId":"15"},["elementSetContainer",["elementSet",{"elementSetId":"1"},["name","Dublin Core"],["description","The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/."],["elementContainer",["element",{"elementId":"50"},["name","Title"],["description","A name given to the resource"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"51"},["text","Freedom to Learn: African American Education in 20th Century Tidewater, VA"]]]],["element",{"elementId":"41"},["name","Description"],["description","An account of the resource"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"185"},["text","This exhibit came out of a project made for the First Baptist Church of Williamsburg in celebration of their event Let Freedom Ring! Students from William and Mary's Branch Out collaborated with the Lemon Project to choose materials from Special Collections which would highlight African American education at the College of William and Mary, in Williamsburg, and in the greater Tidewater region. "]]]],["element",{"elementId":"39"},["name","Creator"],["description","An entity primarily responsible for making the resource"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"187"},["text","The Lemon Project\r\nWilliam and Mary Branch Out\r\nSwem Special Collections"]]]],["element",{"elementId":"48"},["name","Source"],["description","A related resource from which the described resource is derived"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"189"},["text","Swem Special Collections"]]]],["element",{"elementId":"45"},["name","Publisher"],["description","An entity responsible for making the resource available"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"191"},["text","The Lemon Project"]]]],["element",{"elementId":"37"},["name","Contributor"],["description","An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"193"},["text","Ari Weinberg\r\nAmanda Stuckey \r\nJody Allen\r\nAnne Davis\r\nNoella Handley\r\nAnissa Chams-Eddine\r\nGagan Jathoul\r\n Cathy Xiong\r\nKatherine Webb\r\nArvin Alaigh\r\nTiera Lanford\r\nCarrie Martin\r\nRachel Neely "]]]]]]]],["elementSetContainer",["elementSet",{"elementSetId":"1"},["name","Dublin Core"],["description","The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/."],["elementContainer",["element",{"elementId":"50"},["name","Title"],["description","A name given to the resource"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"149"},["text","Images of Virginia Schoolchildren, 1915"]]]],["element",{"elementId":"41"},["name","Description"],["description","An account of the resource"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"151"},["text","These pictures depict the difference between white and black education at the start of the 20th century. Although the educational standard was “separate but equal,” the building of the Black school lacked even basic resources compared to the White school. Older, outdated, and situated next to a dirt path, the African-American school faced overcrowding and a high ratio of students to teachers. The interior picture of the African American School shows students from a range of ages lacking basic materials such as pencils, paper, desks, or shoes. However the photograph of the White School reveals a completely different standard of education. A lower ratio of students to teachers combined with a well-built and maintained structure might have resulted in a more stable educational environment for the white students. The school has modern features, including multiple sliding windows for ventilation, whereas the Black school only has one window (as depicted in the photograph).\r\n \tGeorge Oscar Ferguson, an alumni and a professor of education at the College of William & Mary, photographed these schools in 1915. Ferguson’s reasoning behind photographing these schools is unknown. However, he took multiple photos of daily life in and around Williamsburg. In a 1921 volume of The Scientific Monthly, it is believed that Ferguson wrote about the state of African American education. He argues that “in America the Negro is in much closer contact with the white race…[and] this contact gives him the advantages of white encouragement, achievement, example, and control” (Ferguson 1921). While attempting to give a fair diagnosis of the educational capabilities of the Black community, Ferguson was simply continuing to contribute to the racial hierarchy of the U.S."]]]],["element",{"elementId":"39"},["name","Creator"],["description","An entity primarily responsible for making the resource"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"153"},["text","George Oscar Ferguson"]]]],["element",{"elementId":"48"},["name","Source"],["description","A related resource from which the described resource is derived"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"155"},["text","Swem Special Collections"]]]],["element",{"elementId":"40"},["name","Date"],["description","A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"157"},["text","1915"]]]],["element",{"elementId":"37"},["name","Contributor"],["description","An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"159"},["text","Anissa Chams-Eddine and Gagan Jathoul, description\r\nAri Weinberg, metadata"]]]]]]],["tagContainer",["tag",{"tagId":"93"},["name","education"]],["tag",{"tagId":"121"},["name","George Oscar Ferguson"]],["tag",{"tagId":"119"},["name","photographs"]],["tag",{"tagId":"21"},["name","segregation"]],["tag",{"tagId":"45"},["name","Virginia"]]]],["item",{"itemId":"35","public":"1","featured":"0"},["fileContainer",["file",{"fileId":"31"},["src","http://s3.amazonaws.com/wmit-omeka-lemonlab%2Foriginal%2F05d2550eb34937dafd15edb113f085c8.pdf?AWSAccessKeyId=AKIAIG7BW2LYNOS34VQA&Expires=1711644446&Signature=oJIO5FA%2FhrJTYQ9Jq11srzRrjVc%3D"],["authentication","98d73b2d9af1cecc9bb3c1afb336de4b"]]],["collection",{"collectionId":"15"},["elementSetContainer",["elementSet",{"elementSetId":"1"},["name","Dublin Core"],["description","The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/."],["elementContainer",["element",{"elementId":"50"},["name","Title"],["description","A name given to the resource"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"51"},["text","Freedom to Learn: African American Education in 20th Century Tidewater, VA"]]]],["element",{"elementId":"41"},["name","Description"],["description","An account of the resource"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"185"},["text","This exhibit came out of a project made for the First Baptist Church of Williamsburg in celebration of their event Let Freedom Ring! Students from William and Mary's Branch Out collaborated with the Lemon Project to choose materials from Special Collections which would highlight African American education at the College of William and Mary, in Williamsburg, and in the greater Tidewater region. "]]]],["element",{"elementId":"39"},["name","Creator"],["description","An entity primarily responsible for making the resource"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"187"},["text","The Lemon Project\r\nWilliam and Mary Branch Out\r\nSwem Special Collections"]]]],["element",{"elementId":"48"},["name","Source"],["description","A related resource from which the described resource is derived"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"189"},["text","Swem Special Collections"]]]],["element",{"elementId":"45"},["name","Publisher"],["description","An entity responsible for making the resource available"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"191"},["text","The Lemon Project"]]]],["element",{"elementId":"37"},["name","Contributor"],["description","An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"193"},["text","Ari Weinberg\r\nAmanda Stuckey \r\nJody Allen\r\nAnne Davis\r\nNoella Handley\r\nAnissa Chams-Eddine\r\nGagan Jathoul\r\n Cathy Xiong\r\nKatherine Webb\r\nArvin Alaigh\r\nTiera Lanford\r\nCarrie Martin\r\nRachel Neely "]]]]]]]],["elementSetContainer",["elementSet",{"elementSetId":"1"},["name","Dublin Core"],["description","The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/."],["elementContainer",["element",{"elementId":"50"},["name","Title"],["description","A name given to the resource"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"59"},["text","ACTUAL ENROLLMENT AS OF MARCH 30, 1963 AND ESTIMAMTED ENROLLMENT FOR THE SCHOOL YEARS 1964-1965 AND 1967-68\r\n"]]]],["element",{"elementId":"41"},["name","Description"],["description","An account of the resource"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"119"},["text","This 1963 enrollment report from the Stella Neiman papers (a Williamsburg City Council member and Williamsburg-James City County Schools Board member) showed the current and projected enrollment of white and black students from grades 1-12 in Williamsburg. The categorization of White and Negro schools demonstrates that even nine years after the Brown v. Board of Education (1954) ruling, public schools in Williamsburg remained officially segregated. This report includes a discussion about building new schools. The impact of segregation can be seen in that white students had three schools while black students only had two. This report shows that a new high school for black students would be built, whereas before all grade levels were taught in the Bruton Heights School. While definitely representing a form of progress for the black community, this act also represents an attempt to maintain segregation. In response to national desegregation policies, a few black students from the Bruton Heights School were enrolled at the white James Blair high school in 1965. However, rather than fully integrating the high school, the all-black Berkeley High School was built for the remaining students. Furthermore, funds and resources were directed more towards the white schools. For example, the report says that “the most workable arrangement would be to secure funds to make an addition to James Blair.” Rather than allocating funds to expand the black schools, preexisting facilities were reused, and the Berkeley high school even had its capacity reduced from 675 to 600 students.\r\n \r\nAdditional Information obtained from “A History of Black Education and Bruton Heights School, Williamsburg, Virginia” by Linda H. Rowe\r\n\r\n"]]]],["element",{"elementId":"40"},["name","Date"],["description","A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"121"},["text","1965"]]]],["element",{"elementId":"37"},["name","Contributor"],["description","An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"123"},["text","Cathy Xiong and Noella Handley, description\r\nAri Weinberg, metadata "]]]]]]],["tagContainer",["tag",{"tagId":"105"},["name","chart"]],["tag",{"tagId":"93"},["name","education"]],["tag",{"tagId":"99"},["name","integration"]],["tag",{"tagId":"109"},["name","school board"]],["tag",{"tagId":"107"},["name","Stella Neiman"]],["tag",{"tagId":"111"},["name","Williamsburg"]]]],["item",{"itemId":"33","public":"1","featured":"0"},["fileContainer",["file",{"fileId":"27"},["src","http://s3.amazonaws.com/wmit-omeka-lemonlab%2Foriginal%2F2dcf7c5685445df3c4300071a51318fe.pdf?AWSAccessKeyId=AKIAIG7BW2LYNOS34VQA&Expires=1711644446&Signature=A1V%2FhEgK0Qfp2vKhpW%2BPTqwdH3U%3D"],["authentication","a68bda88f9bcc29f305dc8640197a0f0"]]],["collection",{"collectionId":"15"},["elementSetContainer",["elementSet",{"elementSetId":"1"},["name","Dublin Core"],["description","The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/."],["elementContainer",["element",{"elementId":"50"},["name","Title"],["description","A name given to the resource"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"51"},["text","Freedom to Learn: African American Education in 20th Century Tidewater, VA"]]]],["element",{"elementId":"41"},["name","Description"],["description","An account of the resource"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"185"},["text","This exhibit came out of a project made for the First Baptist Church of Williamsburg in celebration of their event Let Freedom Ring! Students from William and Mary's Branch Out collaborated with the Lemon Project to choose materials from Special Collections which would highlight African American education at the College of William and Mary, in Williamsburg, and in the greater Tidewater region. "]]]],["element",{"elementId":"39"},["name","Creator"],["description","An entity primarily responsible for making the resource"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"187"},["text","The Lemon Project\r\nWilliam and Mary Branch Out\r\nSwem Special Collections"]]]],["element",{"elementId":"48"},["name","Source"],["description","A related resource from which the described resource is derived"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"189"},["text","Swem Special Collections"]]]],["element",{"elementId":"45"},["name","Publisher"],["description","An entity responsible for making the resource available"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"191"},["text","The Lemon Project"]]]],["element",{"elementId":"37"},["name","Contributor"],["description","An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"193"},["text","Ari Weinberg\r\nAmanda Stuckey \r\nJody Allen\r\nAnne Davis\r\nNoella Handley\r\nAnissa Chams-Eddine\r\nGagan Jathoul\r\n Cathy Xiong\r\nKatherine Webb\r\nArvin Alaigh\r\nTiera Lanford\r\nCarrie Martin\r\nRachel Neely "]]]]]]]],["elementSetContainer",["elementSet",{"elementSetId":"1"},["name","Dublin Core"],["description","The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/."],["elementContainer",["element",{"elementId":"50"},["name","Title"],["description","A name given to the resource"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"57"},["text","Garland Grey Letter to Senator Byrd \r\nMay 29, 1954"]]]],["element",{"elementId":"41"},["name","Description"],["description","An account of the resource"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"99"},["text","This is a letter authored by Garland Gray, a Virginia State Senator from the mid-20th century, and loyalist to the “Byrd political machine” that was crucial to the preservation of segregation throughout the state. He writes this on behalf of the Gray Commission, a coalition within the Virginia state government tasked by Harry F. Byrd in order to block school integration. In the letter, Gray aims to prevent the implementation of the Supreme Court’s ruling in Brown v. Board of Education, which mandated that states desegregate schools. It appears that Byrd notates the margins of the letter, indicating various levels of feasibility for Gray’s proposals. One such proposal reads, “Our local school boards could refuse to transport any children,” which Byrd appears to support. Gray mentions the potential for “intensified class hatred between negroes and whites” as one of the many repercussions of integration. Many individuals and organizations across the state of Virginia echoed Gray’s anti-integration sentiments, such the Drewryville Ruritan Club (July 7th, 1954). As a postscript, he acknowledges the drastic nature of his proposals, yet remains hopeful regarding their viability. Virginia integration was never fully executed until the late 1960s and early 1970s, after a series of court decisions effectively ended all modes of school segregation. Byrd remained steadfast in his commitment to preserving white separatism in society, up until his death in 1966.\r\n"]]]],["element",{"elementId":"39"},["name","Creator"],["description","An entity primarily responsible for making the resource"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"101"},["text","Senator Garland Gray "]]]],["element",{"elementId":"48"},["name","Source"],["description","A related resource from which the described resource is derived"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"103"},["text","Swem Special Collections "]]]],["element",{"elementId":"40"},["name","Date"],["description","A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"105"},["text","1954"]]]],["element",{"elementId":"37"},["name","Contributor"],["description","An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"107"},["text","Anonymous William and Mary students, description\r\nAri Weinberg, metadata "]]]]]]],["tagContainer",["tag",{"tagId":"17"},["name","Byrd Machine"]],["tag",{"tagId":"93"},["name","education"]],["tag",{"tagId":"89"},["name","Garland Gray"]],["tag",{"tagId":"91"},["name","Harry F. Byrd"]],["tag",{"tagId":"99"},["name","integration"]],["tag",{"tagId":"97"},["name","massive resistance"]],["tag",{"tagId":"95"},["name","policy"]],["tag",{"tagId":"21"},["name","segregation"]]]]]